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	<title>Giulio Crapanzano, Autore presso DB&amp;B Consulting S.r.l.</title>
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	<title>Giulio Crapanzano, Autore presso DB&amp;B Consulting S.r.l.</title>
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		<title>VaR Historical Simulation and Parallel Filtered Bootstrap, a comparison VaR</title>
		<link>https://www.dbbconsulting.it/var-historical-simulation/</link>
					<comments>https://www.dbbconsulting.it/var-historical-simulation/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Giulio Crapanzano]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 06 Jul 2022 13:07:22 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Novità del Settore]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Un nuovo articolo di analisi]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.dbbconsulting.it/?p=5768</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>VaR (Value at Risk) is a statistical measure used to measure the risk of potential losses for a company or an investment. In finance, it is a widely used metric by risk managers, asset managers and, in general, industry insiders to measure and control the level of risk exposure. VaR can be estimated for specific [&#8230;]</p>
<p>L'articolo <a href="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/var-historical-simulation/">VaR Historical Simulation and Parallel Filtered Bootstrap, a comparison VaR</a> proviene da <a href="https://www.dbbconsulting.it">DB&amp;B Consulting S.r.l.</a>.</p>
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									<p>VaR (Value at Risk) is a statistical measure used to measure the risk of potential losses for a company or an investment. In finance, it is a widely used metric by risk managers, asset managers and, in general, industry insiders to measure and control the level of risk exposure.<br />VaR can be estimated for specific assets or for entire financial portfolios. This measure is appropriate for measuring market risk for asset classes with different characteristics such as stocks and bonds and has the advantage of being comparable. It is also a recognized metric used by Regulators. </p>								</div>
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									<p>Financial institutions have various obligations and limits to meet, and VaR is used in this context.<br />Specifically, the VaR measures the maximum expected potential loss over a given time horizon (e.g., one day, one month) with a given confidence interval (e.g., 99%, 95%). For a financial portfolio, a 99% one-month VAR that is worth -3% indicates that the portfolio has only a 1% probability of losing more than 3% in the following month.</p><p><br />This parameter can be calculated by following different methodologies, here we will compare two approaches:<br />   • Historical Simulation (HS): the VaR is estimated simply by calculating the percentiles (e.g., 1 and 5) of the returns that the current portfolio would have experienced over the past 2 years while keeping the composition fixed.<br />   • Parallel Filtered Bootstrap (PFB): this approach is more sophisticated and uses ARMA-GARCH models to identify unexplained residuals and perform Monte Carlo class simulations on these.</p><p><br />What characteristics must a VaR have in order to be effective in measuring risk and supporting asset allocation processes?<br />We believe it must be highly responsive in both risk-on and risk-off market phases. It is important neither to underestimate nor overestimate risk. Different market phases are extremely complex and potentially useful for reallocating and rebalancing the portfolio. Therefore, it is important to have dynamic and accurate estimates.<br />To give a concrete answer to this question, we thought of comparing HS and PFB VaR estimations for a UCITS Equity Fund during 2020 and 2021, years characterized by several extraordinary events and high volatility The graph shows the performance of the MSCI World index (in blue on the right axis) as a market indicator, the 95% one-month horizon VaR, using HS method (in orange) and PFB method (in gray) on the left axis.</p>								</div>
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															<img decoding="async" width="644" height="341" src="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/1.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-5773" alt="grafico del VaR" srcset="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/1.png 644w, https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/1-300x159.png 300w, https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/1-322x170.png 322w" sizes="(max-width: 644px) 100vw, 644px" />															</div>
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									<p>The PFB VaR was responsive during the market crash in early 2020, reaching a low on March 13 (compared<br />to the market&#8217;s March 20 low). In contrast, the HS VaR was less responsive and would not have been an<br />appropriate indicator of risk at this stage.</p><p><br />It is important to note that even in the recovery phase of the equity markets, the PFB reacted more quickly<br />to the return of volatility to more acceptable values, while the HS maintained an overly conservative estimate of expected risk for many months.</p><p><br />If the portfolio had been managed with a VaR control policy, the use of HS would have prevented the manager from taking advantage of upward market opportunities in the latter part of 2020 and much of 2021, while the PFB would have given estimates more consistent with the dynamics of equity markets.<br />Finally, to further evaluate the effectiveness of the PFB model, a test can be conducted on a real UCIT Fund<br />portfolio. The backtest simply consists of calculating how many times the portfolio experiences losses greater than those previously estimated by VaR, i.e., failure rates (POF). </p><p>A good model should roughly overrun about 5% of the times for 95% VaR and 1% of the times for 99% VaR.<br />In this &#8220;real case study&#8221;, we consider a period between 2019 and April 2022, 95% VaR and 99% VaR at one<br />day, estimated every weekend. The following percentages of failures occur during this period:</p>								</div>
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															<img decoding="async" width="235" height="43" src="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-5774" alt="Tabella del Var" srcset="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2.png 235w, https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2-117x21.png 117w" sizes="(max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px" />															</div>
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									<p>On the graph, failures are visible when the blue line (portfolio return) crosses the lines representing VaR.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="643" height="341" src="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/3.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-5775" alt="Secondo Grafico del VaR" srcset="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/3.png 643w, https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/3-300x159.png 300w, https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/3-321x170.png 321w" sizes="(max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px" />															</div>
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									<p>In order to be able to say that the backtest results meet the expected quality of the VaR estimation model,<br />we apply the Kupiec test on the hypothesis that the number of failures recorded ex-post is consistent with<br />the expected percentage (1% or 5%) given a chosen confidence level (typically 5%).</p><p>The result of the Kupiec test, performed on these data, largely rejects the hypothesis that the failures of the<br />one-day 99% VaR and 95% VaR estimates obtained with the PFB during 2019-2022 are statistically different<br />from the expected 1% and 5%.</p><p>In conclusion, the PFB is a risk estimation model that has the ideal properties for portfolio management, its<br />errors in estimating 99% VaR and 95% VaR are statistically acceptable while it is able to react quickly to<br />changes in market volatility, both up and down, helping the manager to take the right level of risk.<br /><br /></p>								</div>
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		<p>L'articolo <a href="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/var-historical-simulation/">VaR Historical Simulation and Parallel Filtered Bootstrap, a comparison VaR</a> proviene da <a href="https://www.dbbconsulting.it">DB&amp;B Consulting S.r.l.</a>.</p>
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		<title>VaR Historical Simulation e Parallel Filtered Bootstrap, un confronto</title>
		<link>https://www.dbbconsulting.it/var-historical-simulation-e-parallel-filtered-bootstrap-un-confronto/</link>
					<comments>https://www.dbbconsulting.it/var-historical-simulation-e-parallel-filtered-bootstrap-un-confronto/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Giulio Crapanzano]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 17 May 2022 12:56:20 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Novità del Settore]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.dbbconsulting.it/?p=5728</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Il VaR (Value at Risk, Valore a rischio) è una misura statistica usata per quantificare il rischio di potenziali perdite per un&#8217;impresa o un investimento.In finanza è un parametro molto usato dai Risk Manager, dai Gestori e, in generale, dagli addetti del settore per misurare e controllare il livello di esposizione al rischio. È possibile [&#8230;]</p>
<p>L'articolo <a href="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/var-historical-simulation-e-parallel-filtered-bootstrap-un-confronto/">VaR Historical Simulation e Parallel Filtered Bootstrap, un confronto</a> proviene da <a href="https://www.dbbconsulting.it">DB&amp;B Consulting S.r.l.</a>.</p>
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									<p>Il VaR (Value at Risk, Valore a rischio) è una misura statistica usata per quantificare il rischio di potenziali perdite per un&#8217;impresa o un investimento.In finanza è un parametro molto usato dai Risk Manager, dai Gestori e, in generale, dagli addetti del settore per misurare e controllare il livello di esposizione al rischio.</p><p>È possibile stimare il VaR per specifici asset oppure per interi portafogli finanziari.Tale misura si adatta bene nel misurare il rischio di mercato per classi di attività che presentano caratteristiche diverse come, ad esempio, azioni e obbligazioni ed ha il vantaggio di essere comparabile. È un parametro riconosciuto e utilizzato anche dalle autorità di regolamentazione: le istituzioni finanziarie hanno diversi obblighi e limiti da rispettare, il VaR è utilizzato in questo contesto.</p>								</div>
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									<p>Entrando nello specifico, il VaR misura la massima perdita potenziale attesa in un determinato orizzonte temporale (es. un giorno, un mese) per un determinato intervallo di confidenza (es. 99%, 95%). Per un portafoglio finanziario, un VaR 1% ad un mese che vale -3% indica che solo con una probabilità dell’1% il portafoglio perderà più del 3% nel mese successivo.</p><p>Questo parametro può essere calcolato seguendo diverse metodologie, in questa sede confronteremo due approcci:</p><ul><li>Historical Simulation (HS): il VaR è stimato semplicemente calcolando i percentili (ad es. 1 e 5) dei rendimenti che il portafoglio attuale avrebbe registrato negli ultimi 2 anni mantenendo la composizione fissa.</li><li>Parallel Filtered Bootstrap (PFB): questo approccio è più sofisticato ed utilizza i modelli ARMA-GARCH per individuare i residui non spiegati ed effettuare su questi delle simulazioni di classe Monte Carlo.</li></ul><p>Quali caratteristiche deve avere un VaR per risultare efficace nel misurare il rischio e nel supportare i processi di asset allocation?</p><p>Riteniamo che debba essere estremamente reattivo sia nei momenti in cui il rischio cresce sia nei momenti in cui il rischio sta diminuendo in modo da non sovrastimarlo. Tali fasi di mercato sono estremamente delicate e potenzialmente utili per riallocare e riequilibrare il portafoglio. È importante quindi avere delle stime dinamiche e puntuali.</p><p>Per dare una risposta concreta a questa domanda abbiamo pensato di confrontare come si sono comportati i VaR HS e PFB nel 2020 e 2021, anni caratterizzati da diversi eventi straordinari e molta volatilità sui mercati. Il grafico mostra l’andamento dell’indice MSCI World (in blu sull’asse di destra) come indicatore del mercato, il Var 5% 1M di un portafoglio azionario stimato con il metodo HS (in arancione) e il metodo PFB (in grigio) sull’asse di sinistra.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="704" height="374" src="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/grafico-var.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-5731" alt="" srcset="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/grafico-var.png 704w, https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/grafico-var-300x159.png 300w, https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/grafico-var-352x187.png 352w" sizes="(max-width: 704px) 100vw, 704px" />															</div>
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									<p>Possiamo osservare come il VaR PFB sia stato reattivo durante il crollo dei mercati a inizio 2020, arrivando a toccare un minimo il 13 marzo (rispetto al 20 marzo del mercato). Al contrario il VaR HS è stato meno reattivo e non sarebbe stato un adeguato indicatore di rischio in questa fase.</p>
<p>È importante notare che anche nella fase di recupero dei mercati azionari il PFB ha reagito più velocemente al ritorno della volatilità su valori più accettabili, mentre l’HS ha mantenuto per molti mesi una stima eccessivamente prudenziale del rischio atteso.</p>
<p>Se il portafoglio fosse stato gestito con una politica di controllo del VaR, l’utilizzo dell’HS avrebbe impedito al gestore di cogliere le opportunità di salita dei mercati nella seconda parte del 2020 e per buona parte del 2021, mentre il PFB avrebbe dato delle stime più coerenti con la dinamica dei mercati azionari.</p>
<p>Infine per valutare ulteriormente l’efficacia del modello PFB si può procedere ad un test su un portafoglio reale, costituito anch’esso di soli investimenti azionari.</p>
<p>Il backtest consta semplicemente nel calcolare quante volte il portafoglio registra perdite superiori a quelle stimate in precedenza dal VaR, ovvero le percentuali di fallimento (POF). Un buon modello dovrebbe sforare indicativamente circa il 5% delle volte per il VaR 5% e l’1% delle volte per il VaR 1%.</p>
<p>In questo “case study” su un portafoglio reale, consideriamo un periodo tra il 2019 e aprile 2022, il VaR 5% e il VaR 1% ad un giorno, stimato ogni fine settimana.&nbsp; Nel periodo in esame si registrano i seguenti sforamenti o fallimenti:</p>								</div>
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								<td scope="row">VaR 5% 1M - PFB</td>
								<td>VaR 1% 1M - PFB</td>
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								<td scope="row">Sforamenti</td>
								<td>Sforamenti</td>
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								<td scope="row">8,05%</td>
								<td>1,15%</td>
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									<p>Sul grafico gli sforamenti sono visibili quando la linea blu (rendimento portafoglio) oltrepassa le linee rappresentanti i VaR.</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="750" height="374" src="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/grafico-2.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-5733" alt="" srcset="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/grafico-2.png 750w, https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/grafico-2-300x150.png 300w, https://www.dbbconsulting.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/grafico-2-375x187.png 375w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px" />															</div>
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									<p>Per poter affermare che i risultati del backtest rispettino la qualità attesa dal modello di stima del VaR, ci viene in aiuto il test di Kupiec che verifica l’ipotesi secondo la quale il numero dei fallimenti registrato ex-post è coerente con la percentuale attesa (1% o 5%) dato un livello di confidenza prescelto (tipicamente 5%).</p>
<p>Il risultato del test di Kupiec effettuato su questi dati rifiuta ampiamente l’ipotesi che i fallimenti o sforamenti della stima del VaR 1% e del VaR 5% su un giorno ottenute con il PFB nel periodo 2019-2022 siano statisticamente diversi dall’1% e dal 5% atteso.</p><p>In conclusione il PFB è un modello di stima del rischio atteso che ha le proprietà ideali per la gestione dei portafogli, gli errori nella stima del VaR 1% e 5% sono statisticamente accettabili mentre è in grado di reagire velocemente ai cambi di volatilità dei mercati, sia in salita sia in discesa, aiutando il gestore a prendere il giusto livello di rischio nei suoi portafogli.</p>								</div>
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		<p>L'articolo <a href="https://www.dbbconsulting.it/var-historical-simulation-e-parallel-filtered-bootstrap-un-confronto/">VaR Historical Simulation e Parallel Filtered Bootstrap, un confronto</a> proviene da <a href="https://www.dbbconsulting.it">DB&amp;B Consulting S.r.l.</a>.</p>
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